Nayakrishi Andolon: A Short Introducton
CULTIVATING ‘ANANDA’: JOY OF FARMING AND HEALTHY LIVING
Nayakrishi Andolon (New Agriculture Movement) is the farmer-led movement in Bangladesh for Shohoj way to Ananda. It started as an organic farming movement in the 1990s, with 10 simple Rules to follow and practice in farming. The Bangla word Anada means joy, and Shohoj is the collective capacity of our faculties helping us to grow as natural biological beings in harmony with the natural world that we share with all other life forms. Nayakrishi reclaims the philosophical tradition of the people of Bengal articulated in the oral culture, poetry, songs, and spiritual traditions of Bengal.
Nayakrishi reclaims the philosophical tradition of the people of Bengal artulated in oral culture, poetry, songs and spiritual traditions of Bengal.
Presently, the immediate objective of the Nayakrishi Andolon is the survival of the planet earth from greenhouse gas emissions and rise of temperature and thus protecting the existence and the biological integrity of all life forms constituting our planet. We work hard to keep our food chains and web of life free from hazardous industrial chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, toxins, biocides, and other harmful products, such as arsenic, that have been entering into our food chains because of modern industrial food production. We defend farming and rural landscapes. Agriculture and the food systems are the biological foundation of Civilization. We are farmers, and farming is a way of life.
Nayakrishi practices agriculture as a way of life. Our joy lies in our sense of unity with nature a necessary sense of belonging to the soil to fight against the structural violence of the modern economy. Farmers practicing Nayakrishi show economic viability as well as environmental sustainability in their production. They are self-reliant and can produce healthy, nutritious and tasty food for others.
Our immediate task is to produce and provide helthy, nutritious, and tasty food for all and bridge an interactive social relation of communication, education, and knowledge sharing between farmers and consumers to build a strong bond for biodiversity-based ecological farming for healthy living and joy in our lives.
Nayakrishi is grounded in the powerful philosophical tradition of Bengal. The joyful dwelling on earth that the bangla word Ananda suggests demands evocation of all our faculties sensuously, facilitating the creatively experiencing our living world that involves all our faculties. Nayakrishi farming helps us to avoid abstraction and mystification so that we can develop intellectual capacities to exercise and comprehend our interactive relation with the world we live in. Nayakrishi searches for new meanings for ourselves and determines our joyful place in the universe. We strive to achieve this goals through the practice of biodiversity-based ecological agriculture.
By the very nature of the farming practice, Nayakrishi resists fragmentation and commodification of nature and our lives, and search for ways to reconstitute ourselves on the ecological, bio-social, and cultural foundation of life that ensures wealth, health, nutrition, creativity, and peace. We demonstrate an alternative way to live, grow and enjoy our lives, contributing to the survival of all life-forms of the planet. As a result, Nayakrishi Andolon represents a culture of resistance against exploitative social and economic relations, patriarchy, and all forms of hegemony and hierarchy. One of our immediate tasks is to resist the unequal and exploitative global order, particularly the corporate takeover of global seed, food, and health chains. We assert that it is the farming communities and not the multinational corporations that feed us.
The immediate ecological management of food, nutrition, and health directly constitutes the bio-geographical, biological and agro-ecological foundation of the local communities and dictates them to avoid and resist practices that threaten their existence. Farmers combine the traditional and historical wisdom of their local life practices with advances in empirical science, solving their problems and meeting community needs.
As a broad movement, Nayakrishi represents peoples’ resistance against the destruction of the ‘local’ by privileging the ‘global’ and against effacing of the ‘real’ by installing ‘virtual’. Nayakrishi is an eco-political way to return to our common sense and free us from the tyranny of hierarchy, power, and technology. The movement constantly explores alternative life-affirming relations and community-building practices through the critique of ego-centrism, oppressive social hierarchies, and the industrial notion of high-tech lifestyles and consumerism as ‘development’.
Started in the early nineties, Nayakrishi Andolon is an agrarian and community movement led by Bangladeshi farmers with more than 300,000 diverse agro-ecological farming units and extends to fishers, traditional healers, rural artisans and community members
Nayakrishi practices agriculture as a way of life. Our joy lies in our sense of unity with nature a necessary sense of belonging to the soil to fight against the structural violence of modern economy. Farmers practicing Nayakrishi show economic viability as well as environmental sustainability in their production. They are self-reliant and can produce healthy food for others.
‘SHOHOJ’ : TOOL FOR THINKING AND LEARNING
The word ‘shohoj’ is grounded in the powerful spiritual tradition of Bengal, generally meaning intuitively simple but transparent way of being in the universe. Philosophically it implies learning to relate to internal and external realities with all our human faculties in a unity, allowing no hierarchy between our sensuous, intellectual or imaginative faculties. So, ‘Shohoj’, in practice, explores the bio-spiritual potential of human communities in the real material world to transcend the oppressive, painful and dehumanized existence.
Focused and comprehensive in practice, Nayakrishi Andolon is an open learning process, a movement of mind enjoying its 'freedom' remaining self-consciously critical of everything including its own practices. It learns from everywhere and from anywhere. Nayakrishi over the years has learnt intensively and extensively from various renowned ‘organic’ and ecological approaches to farming; for example, it learnt from Islamic notion of “Ashraful Maqlukat” as conserving and regenerating the domain of creation as an obligation to the creator; Bengal’s Bhakti-Sufi movement that treats seeds as spiritual manifestation of recurrent eternity and food consumption as nature’s ritual to bind human beings with the living universe. Nayakrishi learns from Permaculture, Biodynamics, no-till farming, ancient Indian practices of forestry, Ayurveda, various ancient and modern home gardening and of various other moral and spiritual systems of practicing self-conscious lifestyles enabling the cosmic or unitary energy of nature to express concretely in particular place and time.
Nayakrishi attempts to design households, villages and unions as ecological production systems at various levels and scales. Innovative and diverse ecological designs and practices are promoted in order to achieve higher yield both in terms of individual species and varieties as well as system yield. Minimum general indicator to assess the performance of the system is to ensure the reproducibility of the systems, generally known as sustainability.
However, the goal is always aimed at achieving qualitatively higher and complex designs or systems to maximize the yield from per unit of land. The ‘yield”, ‘services’, ‘functions’ or ‘value’ are assessed both in economic terms as well as by benefits to healthy environment and ecology and the capacity to regenerate and enhance biological wealth and genetic resources in possession of the farming communities. In terms of assessing the productivity, Nayakrishi focuses on per unit productivity of space where different elements of agriculture form complex or mosaic ecosystems.
BIODIVERSITY
In addition to well-known practices of ecological agriculture, Nayakrishi is based on conservation, regeneration, and enhancement of biodiversity and genetic resources, The objective is to (a) reverse the aggravating loss of biodiversity, (b) reducing stress of climatic variations and biotic disruptions and risks triggered by market, (c) transforming so-called ‘weed’, ‘pests’ of ‘modern agriculture’ into valuable biological resource of farming systems, (d) increasing source of uncultivated food, fuelwood, medicine, green manure, etc., as well as efficient management of uncultivated space, and (e) ensuring more productivity and economic return to local communities.
Nayakrishi is particularly very effective for farmers with small holdings to innovate through their own knowledge base to maximize production for meeting subsistence needs as well as surplus ensuring economic benefit. Diversity of species and varieties are turned into farmers’ wealth both in biological and money terms demonstrating the vital importance of agrarian way of life.
Hundreds of local varieties of rice, vegetables, fruit and timber crops, etc. have been reintroduced in the Nayakrishi villages. At present, farmers in Nayakrishi areas cultivate varieties of rice, vegetables, fruits and the number is increasing. The farmers are happily sharing and exchanging seeds among themselves and increasing the genetic resource base of their community.
TEN SIMPLE RULES
To realize the principle of biodiversity-based ecological farming, Nayakrishi farmers follow ten simple rules following the ten fingers of two hands. Fingers facilitate memorization and constant monitoring of the practice. Farmers develop the capacity of their indigenous knowledge system and day to day practical experience to engage and appropriate the latest advances in biological sciences, enabling them to gainfully participate in the market. The economy is considered as the site where social exchange takes place between life-affirming activities of diverse communities.
Rules 1 to 5 are entry level practices and essentially learning the art of producing soil through natural biological processes. Rules 6 to 10 relate to surface and aquifer level water conservation, cultivating diverse fish species in ponds and raising animals and poultry with farm produced organic feed, as integrated and advanced practice. Developing integrated and complex ecological systems maximizes systemic yield and contributes in innovating ecological designs, proving the immense economic potential of biodiversity-based ecological farming. It constitutes a powerful practical resistance against capitalist globalization dominated by transnational corporations.
RULE 1:
Absolutely no use of pesticides & harmful chemicals.
RULE 2:
No use of chemical fertilizer and external inputs
RULE 3:
Keep seeds in farmers’ hands
RULE 4:
Stop the use of deep tube wells and extraction of groundwater.
RULE 5:
Produce both cultivated and uncultivated food, fodder and manage spaces for the both.
RULE 6:
Copy the forest and produce biodiversity
RULE 7:
Learn to calculate total yield of the household, community and the eco-systems
RULE 8:
All domesticated and semi-domesticated animals and birds are members of the farming households
RULE 9:
Water and aquatic diversity are integral to agricultural practice.
RULE 10:
Integrate non-agricultural rural activities of potters, weavers, blacksmith, crafts and all forms of livelihood.
IMMEDIATE GOAL AND STRATEGIC FOCUS
Nayakrishi’s immediate goal is to demonstrate that bio-diverse ecological farming is more productive in qualitative and quantitative terms of what we could harvest from an agrarian system and also what we gain through the economic exchange in monetary terms. Experience shows that this could be achieved only through the ceaseless struggle to defend seed and food sovereignty.
Nayakrishi’s strategic focus is ‘seed’ in its innovative farming practice; non-farming activities include household and village-based weaving, pottery and artisan skills. By encouraging traditional healers, particularly birth attendants, called the Dai Mas the movement strengthens national health system. The overall objective is to demonstrate the shohoj way to a joyful iving ensuring biodiverse ecological regeneration of nature to receive food, fiber, fuel wood, medicine, clean water and many different bio-material and spiritual needs of the community.
Nayakrishi proves that biodiversity-based ecological production practices are not only ecological but economically more efficient than modern chemical-pesticide-based conventional farming. Nayakrishi can feed the Country.
The ‘seed’ is the powerful metaphor of continuity and history and identifies regenerative space as the site where the invisible, manifests as the visible, and potential is realized as reality. Agriculture is defined as the management of both cultivated and uncultivated space and not a ‘factory’ merely producing consumer products or commodities. As a practice, Nayakrishi celebrates the moments where we are sensuously engaged with nature both externally as well as internally with our laboring bodies. This is necessary to understand and transcend the limit of abstract intellectualism. Nayakrishi is grounded in the powerful spiritual traditions of Bengal where Islam has met creatively with indigenous religious traditions and practices to give rise to bhakti movements such as Chaitanya (1486 -1534) and in its apex produced great saints like Fakir Lalon Shah (1772 – 1890).
NAYAKRISHI SEED NETWORK
The innovation of the Nayakrishi farming is the development of farmers' collective action called Nayakrishi Seed Network (NSN) with the specific responsibility for ensuring both in-situ and ex-situ conservation of biodiversity and genetic resources. Farmers maintain diversity in the field, but at the same time conserve seeds in their homes to be replanted in the coming seasons. The NSN has three levels:
First, Nayakrishi Seed Huts (NSH) are established by the independent initiative of one or two Nayakrishi farming households in the village, willing to take responsibility to ensure that all common species and varieties are replanted, regenerated and conserved by the farmers.
Second, the Specialized Women Seed Network (SWSN) consists of women who are specialized in certain species or certain varieties. Their task is to collect local varieties from different villages in different parts of Bangladesh. They also monitor and document introduction of a variety in a village or locality, and keep up-to-date information about the variability of species for which they are assigned.
Third, Community Seed Wealth Center (CSWC) is the institutional set-up that articulates the relation between farmers within a village and between villages, in other districts and with national institutions for sharing and exchanging of seeds. The CSWC also maintains a well-developed nursery. The construction of CSWCs is based on two principles: (a) they must be built from locally available construction materials and (b) the maintenance should mirror the household seed conservation practices. Any member of the Nayakrishi Andolon can collect seed from CSWC with the promise that after the harvest they will deposit double the quantity they received. In the CSWs, there are at present (2017) collections of over 2700 rice varieties, and 538 varieties of vegetables, oil, lentil, and spice
UNCULTIVATED FOOD
Nayakrishi encourages the growth of various plants including herbs that are uncultivated but are good as food sources for humans and other animals. The more environments are made free from chemicals, the more the uncultivated foods are found in the surroundings. Such assessment is done through cultural practices of celebrating Chaitra Sangkranti, last day of the Bengali calendar year having food with at least 14 different kinds of leafy greens (shak). This is a natural auditing that ensures renewable food sources for future. Resource-poor farmers can collect nearly 40 percent of their food and nutritional needs from uncultivated sources.
NO TO GMOs
In recent years biodiversity and food security are threatened by the introduction of GMOs such as BtBrinjal, Golden Rice, RBPotato etc. Bt brinjal seeds, having no agronomic value, are given to farmers for cultivation despite the massive failure in field cultivation and in violation of environmental and biosafety concerns. BtBrinjal is sold in the market without any labels. Such introductions directly threatens Bangladesh with biological pollution and destroy the genetic base of Bangladesh agriculture. This may severely disrupt farming communities’ efforts to achieve seed and food sovereignty and survive in their present practices and interest. Farmers have already demonstrated a better way to enhance both productivity and agro-biodiversity. To the peasants, GMOs are ‘bikrito’ entity – something which is not natural, absurd, degenerated and potentially harmful. Nayakrshi farmers have opposed the introductions of Golden Rice and BtBrinjal in the farmers’ fields.
Contact: FARIDA AKHTER, Executive Director,
UBINIG (Policy Research for Development Alternative)
Huq Garden Apt #4AB, 1 Ring Road, Shaymoli, Dhaka – 1207
BANGLADESH
website: ubinig.org
Tel: 88-02-58155015
Mob: 88-01730057700
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